Sabtu, 20 April 2019

Boeing's Dreamliner jet is now facing claims of manufacturing issues - CNBC

At a Boeing manufacturing facility in North Charleston, South Carolina, the aerospace giant reportedly pressured workers to speed up production while ignoring employee complaints about potential safety risks and defective manufacturing, according to a new report from The New York Times.

After interviewing more than a dozen current and former employees of the Boeing facility, which makes the 787 Dreamliner, and reviewing "hundreds of pages of internal emails, corporate documents and federal records," The New York Times reported on Saturday that the newspaper's investigation "reveals a culture that often valued production speed over quality."

Boeing workers have filed numerous safety complaints with the federal government over issues ranging from shoddy manufacturing practices to tools and debris being left on planes, and workers say they have been pressured to not report regulatory violations to authorities, The New York Times reports. The investigation found that Boeing workers have installed faulty parts in planes at the facility, and that some aircraft have even taken test flights with debris such as tools and metal shavings inside the engine or tail, creating potential safety hazards.

Boeing has denied manufacturing problems with the Dreamliner, and the company said "Boeing South Carolina teammates are producing the highest levels of quality in our history," in a statement to The New York Times. However, the newspaper also reported that at least one major carrier, Qatar Airways, had been frustrated by manufacturing issues at that particular Boeing facility, with the airline opting to only buy its Dreamliners from a different Boeing facility since 2014.

When reached for additional comment by CNBC, a Boeing spokesperson sent CNBC an internal memo sent today to Boeing employees by Brad Zaback, the vice president and general manager of Boeing's 787 program.

"A story that posted in today's New York Times, however, paints a skewed and inaccurate picture of the program and of our team here at Boeing South Carolina. This article features distorted information, rehashing old stories and rumors that have long ago been put to rest," Zaback writes in the memo, the full text of which can be found below.

The report raises questions about the production process of Boeing's 787 Dreamliner at a time when the company is already facing investigations, including a federal criminal probe, into the certification process for the Boeing 737 Max. Those probes followed a pair of deadly crashes involving the aircraft, with an Ethiopian Airlines 737 Max that crashed in March coming just months after a similar crash involving a Boeing 737 Max in Indonesia.

Read the full report in The New York Times

Here is Zaback's full memo:

New York Times story paints an inaccurate picture of Boeing South Carolina

Team,

The 787 program has a lot to be proud of these days. Our transition to Rate 14 continues to be the most seamless rate transition in the program's history, and our Boeing South Carolina 787 manufacturing operations are the healthiest they've ever been. More importantly, our quality metrics show that we are performing at all-time high levels as well. That is a testament to each of you, demonstrating your pride and your ongoing commitment to excellence with respect to both safety and quality.

A story that posted in today's New York Times, however, paints a skewed and inaccurate picture of the program and of our team here at Boeing South Carolina. This article features distorted information, rehashing old stories and rumors that have long ago been put to rest.

I want all BSC teammates to know that we invited the New York Times to visit Boeing South Carolina once they contacted us, so that they could see first-hand the great work that is done here. They declined this invitation.

The allegations of poor quality are especially offensive to me because I know the pride in workmanship that each of you pours into your work every day. I see the highest quality airplanes – airplanes that meet rigorous quality inspections and FAA standards – deliver on time on a regular basis from Boeing South Carolina, where they perform exceptionally well in service for our valued airplane customers around the world. Our customers feel the same way, and shared their own thoughts with the New York Times:

American Airlines said it conducted rigorous inspections of new planes before putting them into service. "We have confidence in the 787s we have in our fleet," said Ross Feinstein, a spokesman for the airline.

In a statement, Qatar Airways said it "continues to be a long-term supporter of Boeing and has full confidence in all its aircraft and manufacturing facilities." Note that only a portion of their quote was included in the story, and we wanted to ensure you had their full perspective: "Qatar Airways continues to be a long-term supporter of Boeing and has full confidence in all its aircraft and manufacturing facilities as a strong commitment to safety and quality is of the utmost importance to both our companies. We have over 100 Boeing aircraft in our fleet, manufactured in both Everett and Charleston, with many more to join in the coming years as part of our significant, long-term investment in the US economy."

In fact, we also heard from Suparna Airlines and Norwegian in response to the story, and here's what they told us:

Suparna Airlines: "The entire process of the aircraft delivery was very smooth. We want to thank the Boeing team in South Carolina who worked diligently with the Boeing standard and discipline to make the delivery a pleasant experience for us. The airplane has carried out more than 200 scheduled flights with total flight hours up to 500 at an operational reliability of 99.99%. We are happy with the performance of our first Dreamliner."

Norwegian: "We are very satisfied with the quality and reliability of all our 33 Dreamliners, regardless of where they have been assembled."

The inaccurate picture the New York Timespaints is also offensive to me because they are counter to our company's core values. Quality is the bedrock of who we are. That's why we relentlessly focus on quality improvements and FOD elimination at all Boeing locations. No matter how good we are today, we always believe we can be even better tomorrow. That drive to be the best will never change at Boeing as we continue to strive to be a Global Industrial Champion and the leader in quality.

It's unfortunate and disappointing that the New York Times chose to publish this misleading story. This story, however, does not define us. Our company and our customers recognize the talent, skill and dedication of this excellent Boeing South Carolina team that works together to assemble and deliver incredible airplanes. I want to leave you with a word from Kevin McAllister, Boeing Commercial Airplanes president and CEO, which was not included in full from the New York Times:

"Safety and quality are at the core of Boeing's values – there is nothing more important than that. The 787 program has delivered 823 airplanes to more than 76 customers since its launch. As Boeing marks 10 years in North Charleston, our more than 7,000 Boeing South Carolina teammates are producing the highest levels of quality in our history. And, we are seeing this translate across our work and the in-service performance with our customers. We test our airplanes and verify components are fully operational, and when we find a component that is not, it is replaced and tested again. This is core to our quality system, as it is for the industry. I am proud of our teams' best in-process quality of production and stand behind the work they do each and every day."

This is a team that I am very proud to be a part of, and I'm thankful for all that you do every day.

Brad

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https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/20/boeings-dreamliner-jet-now-facing-claims-of-manufacturing-issues-nyt-report.html

2019-04-20 19:13:14Z
52780273087908

Corporate America embraces 420 as pot legalization grows - NBC News

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Get breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.

By Associated Press

LOS ANGELES — Marijuana users have for decades celebrated their love of the drug on April 20, but the once counter-culture celebration that was all about getting stoned now is so mainstream Corporate America is starting to embrace it.

No, Hallmark doesn’t yet have a card to mark “420.” But many other businesses inside and outside the multibillion-dollar cannabis industry are using April 20, or 4/20, to roll out marketing and social media messaging aimed at connecting with consumers driving the booming market.

On Saturday, Lyft is offering a $4.20 credit on a single ride in Colorado and in select cities in the U.S. and Canada. Carl’s Jr. is using a Denver restaurant to market a hamburger infused with CBD, a non-intoxicating molecule found in cannabis that many believe is beneficial to their health.

On 420 last year, Totino’s, a maker of frozen pizza snacks, tweeted an image of a microwave and an oven with the message: “To be blunt, pizza rolls are better when baked.”

“I think brands that associate themselves with cannabis kind of get that contact high. In other words, they’re just considered to be cooler by association,” said Kit Yarrow, consumer psychologist at Golden Gate University. “As pot becomes more legal, more discussed, more interesting to people, more widely used, then 420 becomes more mainstream as well.”

Marijuana normalization has snowballed since 2012, when Colorado and Washington were the first states to legalize recreational use. Eight more followed, including California, Oregon and Michigan. Medical marijuana is legal in two-thirds of the states, with conservative-leaning Utah and Oklahoma among recent additions.

April 20, 201901:51

Meantime, the CBD market has exploded. CBD oil can be found in candies, coffee and other food, drinks and dietary supplements, along with perfume, lotions, creams and soap. Proponents say CBD helps with pain, anxiety and inflammation, though limited scientific research supports those claims.

U.S. retail sales of cannabis products jumped to $10.5 billion last year, a threefold increase from 2017, according to data from Arcview Group, a cannabis investment and market research firm. The figures do not include retail sales of hemp-derived CBD products.

Ben & Jerry’s was one of the earliest big brands to foster a connection with the marijuana culture through marketing. The Vermont-based ice cream company features Cherry Garcia and Phish Food, honoring late Grateful Dead member Jerry Garcia and the band Phish. Both bands are favorites of the marijuana-smoking crowd.

To mark 420 in recent years, Ben & Jerry’s debuted taco and burrito inspired ice cream sandwiches. This year the company partnered with a San Francisco Bay Area cannabis retailer to give customers who place delivery orders on Friday and Saturday a free pint of Half Baked, a combination of cookie dough and fudge brownie.

“We have a lot of fun, never being overt, but really playing into the moment of 420,” said Jay Curley, the company’s global head of integrated marketing.

Last year, Ben & Jerry’s also turned more serious, asking consumers to call on lawmakers to expunge prior marijuana convictions and press for pardons or amnesty for anyone arrested for smoking pot. This year the company is using the holiday to call for criminal justice reform.

“We’re actually using this as an opportunity not to tell a stoner joke like we have in the past, but to raise what we see as a much more serious issue around justice,” Curley said.

Those in the marijuana marketplace also are ramping up advertising around 420. Much of the marketing about cannabis or related products takes the form of online ads, emails, text messages and social media. Shops typically offer discounts. Some host parties with food and entertainment. The larger 420 events can draw thousands of people.

Verano Holdings, whose businesses include cannabis shops, sponsors street festivals in Chicago and Tulsa, Oklahoma, where attendees can learn about marijuana products, listen to music and grab a bite. The company expects this Saturday’s festival in Chicago, going on its third year, will draw more than 4,000 people. Last year, it drew 1,500, said Tim Tennant, Verano’s chief marketing officer.

March 26, 201900:00

In San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, Hippie Hill will again be the site of a 420 celebration. Last year, more than 15,000 attended the event, which has transformed from a small informal gathering into a full-blown festival of corporate sponsors and commercial booths selling smoking devices, T-shirts and food.

Roger Volodarsky, whose Los Angeles-based Puffco makes portable vaporizers, has celebrated 420 since he was a teenager. Back then, he said, “420 was the day that you splurged on yourself and got high in interesting ways. It was the day that you made a gravity bong and coughed your brains out.”

Volodarksy likes that some Main Street brands are getting into the industry and the holiday.

“What’s important to me about these ad campaigns is they’re speaking to people who aren’t users and they’re normalizing the space to people who aren’t users,” he said.

Even as popularity grows, some companies will stay away from 420 as a marketing tool, said Allen Adamson, co-founder of Metaforce, a marketing consulting company.

“If you’re talking about a big brand that needs to appeal to everybody and is very risk-averse, then probably not,” he said. “I don’t think you’ll see large financial institutions doing it.”

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https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/corporate-america-embraces-420-pot-legalization-grows-n996716

2019-04-20 17:08:00Z
52780271941676

Tesla’s Elon Musk could earn up to $2.2 billion from stock options - Fox Business

Tesla Chief Executive Elon Musk received more than $2.2 billion in stock option awards in 2018, according to a regulatory filing.

Continue Reading Below

However, Musk will only receive that money over the course of a 10-year period if Tesla's market capitalization reaches $650 billion.

Musk’s base salary (which he did not accept) was $51,380 in 2018, which reflects the legal minimum wage in California, according to documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday.

MORE FROM FOXBUSINESS.COM....

The median Tesla worker’s compensation last year was $56,163.

In another filing on Friday, the electric carmaker revealed that four board members will leave the company as part of a streamlining process to allow the board to “operate more nimbly and efficiently.”

Brad Buss, Antonio Gracias, Stephen Jurvetson and Linda Johnson Rice will not stand for re-election to the board at the end of their respective terms, according to the filing.

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“Such agreements did not result from any disagreements between Tesla and any such directors,” the filing said.

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https://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/tesla-elon-musk-compensation-2018

2019-04-20 16:27:05Z
52780271400258

Tesla’s Elon Musk earned $2.2 billion from stock options - Fox Business

Tesla Chief Executive Elon Musk received more than $2.2 billion in stock option awards in 2018, according to a regulatory filing.

Continue Reading Below

However, Musk will only receive that money over the course of a 10-year period if Tesla's market capitalization reaches $650 billion.

Musk’s base salary (which he did not accept) was $51,380 in 2018, which reflects the legal minimum wage in California, according to documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday.

MORE FROM FOXBUSINESS.COM....

The median Tesla worker’s compensation last year was $56,163.

In another filing on Friday, the electric carmaker revealed that four board members will leave the company as part of a streamlining process to allow the board to “operate more nimbly and efficiently.”

Brad Buss, Antonio Gracias, Stephen Jurvetson and Linda Johnson Rice will not stand for re-election to the board at the end of their respective terms, according to the filing.

CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX BUSINESS APP

“Such agreements did not result from any disagreements between Tesla and any such directors,” the filing said.

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https://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/tesla-elon-musk-compensation-2018

2019-04-20 16:05:13Z
52780271400258

Stocks To Watch: Earnings Blitz And Autonomy Talk - Seeking Alpha

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Stocks To Watch: Earnings Blitz And Autonomy Talk  Seeking Alpha

Welcome to Seeking Alpha's Stocks to Watch - a preview of key events scheduled for the next week. Follow this account and turn the e-mail alert on to receive th.


https://seekingalpha.com/article/4255527-stocks-watch-earnings-blitz-autonomy-talk

2019-04-20 12:05:00Z
CAIiEOv2nMp5K5xk_flzY1xwKMMqFQgEKg0IACoGCAowkqEGMJBZMPCxAw

The next frontier for cannabis vapes: mood-specific formulas - Engadget

"In New York, my bicycle messenger really had two types of cannabis. It was either green or brown." Michael Ray is the CEO of Bloom Farms, a California-based cannabis company that specializes in vape cartridges and CBD tinctures. Ray's reflecting on cannabis's current cultural explosion. As an increasing number of states fully legalize it, alongside countries like Canada, the curtain of illegitimacy is slowly lifting. For the first time, cannabis can be explored and experimented with in plain sight. The result: an emerging trend of tailored and targeted vape products that claim to do more than get you lifted. Cannabis is going a la carte.

As with any form of prohibition, once the floodgates open, there's an inevitable wave of over-indulgence. For the last few years, we've seen the emergence of increasingly strong oils and concentrates. But as the party smoke clears, that's changing. People are exploring various cocktails and new compounds with the goal of dialing in the effects to achieve exact moods and experiences. This might be as vague as "party" or as specific as inducing lucid dreams. The problem is, we're probably still years (or decades) away from being able to make such claims with any degree of confidence. At least in a way that would be worthy of the FDA's rubber stamp.

THC Oil Concentrate Filled Vape Pen Up Close

Cannabis is a complex plant, that much we know. "So there are about 140 maybe a few more hydro cannabinoids or plant-derived cannabinoids. THC and CBD being the two best studied, but there's at least another 130 more," says Piomelli, a professor at the University of California Irvine and co-chair of its Center for the Study of Cannabis, in an interview with Engadget.

That is a lot of compounds in one plant that we don't know much about. But that doesn't stop people from trying. Strains that are high in the other 130 or so cannabinoids aren't common, but expect that to change in the future. In the meantime, cannabis companies are experimenting in three main ways: THC-to-CBD ratio, with terpenes and other elements already in the plant, and with additional, non-cannabis additives.

Manipulating cannabis is nothing new. For decades plants have been bred like dogs to enhance their potency and effect. Anyone who's watched Narcos: Mexico will know that even the famous "sensimilla" (essentially a "seedless" cannabis plant) is a byproduct of human botanical intervention.

The Golden Ratio

THC is, without a doubt, the star of the cannabis show. It's what switched humankind on to the plant in the first place. Its effects are unmistakable and, for the most part, pleasurable. CBD is the next best-known cannabinoid and one that's currently exploding into the mainstream thanks, in part, to the recent Farm Bill. It's the balance of these two compounds together that gave the first hint that the effects of cannabis can be customized.

Mood-specific cannabis vapes

"If you mix THC with something else it will affect the actions of THC," explained Piomelli. "CBD has some modulatory property on what THC does. And therefore, people are talking about the entourage effect." This entourage effect is the reason why you will see percentages or ratios of THC and CBD on the packaging for your vape cartridge. THC is, famously, the part that gets you high, whereas CBD's effects are less concrete. Usually, they are associated with calmness, reducing anxiety or priming you for sleep (among many others). The problem is, almost nothing is known about what different ratios might actually achieve, scientifically speaking. Not least because everybody reacts differently.

According to Ray, experimentation is your best bet. "I think one of the challenges in cannabis and CBD is tuning in your own personal formula," he says. "People still need to be walked through this until they're able to find what works best for them." Luckily, there are plenty of products in a wide variety of ratios and dosages for those who do feel like experimenting.

Essentially oil

Ask any beer connoisseur to describe their favorite IPA, and you'll almost certainly hear them talk about hops. In the world of weed, it's terpenes that give your hit its flavor and character. Some think terpenes are also another way we can dial in our experience (in combination with the cannabinoid ratio).

California-based firm Dosist has six cannabis pens to choose from. Each "formula" is labeled with its primary effect (Arouse, Calm, Bliss and so on). Dosist's vaporizers are aimed at people looking for relief from pain or insomnia, rather than those looking to get baked. Along with a breakdown of the THC/CBD ratios and complete (hand-picked) terpene profiles, the pen will vibrate once you have inhaled what Dosist believes to be the optimum amount (hence the name). The company's guidelines suggest a maximum of three "doses" per hour, barely enough to alter your consciousness, but sufficient for the benefits -- according to the company at least.

Mood-specific cannabis vapes

Terpenes are essential oils found in many plants (not just cannabis). They are characteristically strong in odor, and for most people it will be what defines much of the flavor of your cannabis vape. But some companies, like Dosist, believe they can impact the potency and direction of cannabis's effects.

Piomelli is more skeptical. "I would say 95 percent of the claims that are made are essentially unsubstantiated. Terpenes are compounds. They're biologically active compounds and there are some terpenes that are particularly active on the cannabinoid system," he says. "But proof that a combination of terpenes, so one specific terpene either enhances, or diminishes or in some other way modulate the effects of THC, CBD and other cannabinoids, the evidence is simply not there."

That doesn't mean that there's no merit to the idea, just that scientific proof is sparse. "I'm not the one for dismissing all anecdotal evidence, if the anecdotal evidence is made of thousands of people," Piomelli added. "There's a point where we have to wonder if there is so much smoke there must be some fire."

Holistic highs

While cannabinoids and terpenes hold a lot of promise, some think that cannabis can do with a helping hand to get you where you want to go. White Fox Atmospheres is one of a growing number of brands that are adding other herbs to the mix. The company's own website defines its mission as "to formulate, alchemize and create specific effect driven medicine."

White Fox's vape products contain good old-fashioned cannabis, but with "Ayurvedic formulations" added in. Ayurvedic medicine is where things steer off even more into the unknown. The formulations are millennia old but also lack definitive scientific research into their medical efficacy.

Mood-specific cannabis vapes

Scarlet Ravin, White Fox's founder and CEO, creates the line with the sole intention of making people feel better. Fed up with the arms race in cannabis, the zero-sum game of getting impossibly high, she tells Engadget she wants to answer the question "how do we get to use the medicine in a good way, where we aren't just getting super stoned and blowing our heads off?"

The result is three different cannabis vape formulas: one each for male and female "sexual energy" and another that promises to enhance your ability for lucid dreams. Ravin is aware that people might have certain expectations from a product called "Legendary," or something that contains valeriana wallichii root, but contends that, like most holistic remedies, the effect you receive might be more, well, holistic.

"So our formula kind of gets people back into that state of inner balance," she says, "and a lot of the people that do smoke the pens regularly, will state, 'I got it for pain to see if it would work and I feel like I'm back in my body and I feel like I'm in my heart when I smoke this pen.' So it's more about an allover state of wellness than 'you're gonna get a boner' kind of a vibe, you know?"

What about the research?

The quest for new, specific effects from cannabis isn't surprising. Piomelli explains cannabinoids have something called a "privileged structure." This means they are more likely to have a physiological effect or pharmacological effect.

Understanding ratios, terpenes and the interactions between cannabinoids is key to a customized-cannabis future. A future that might be some years away, according to Jacob Borodovsky, a researcher at the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, who specializes in cannabis and opioid epidemiology. "I think we'll get to a place like that after you and I have been dead for a long time," he says. "I think that will happen through medicine first through neurobiology, and we'll start to understand these things a lot better."

Borodovsky is referring, in part, to the slow pace at which science can study such things. The number of studies needed is large -- far larger than the financial resources available to enable them. Cannabis is now a commercial venture, and patenting nature is hard. Piomelli concurs: "It's going to cost many millions of dollars because you need a large number of subjects, and you need your placebo controls, and is an expensive enterprise and no company is interested in doing this because how would they protect their property afterward."

Every once in a while, though, we do have enough evidence to turn a remedy into a medicine. Epidiolex is a CBD-based medicine that recently achieved FDA approval for the treatment of Dravet syndrome (a severe form of epilepsy in infants).

marijuana medpharm research

But why wait for science to catch up? Humans have been self-experimenting with all manner of substances for millennia. Bloom Farms' Ray takes a suitably measured approach with his products. "I've always been a believer that staying as true to the plant as possible is the best bet," he says, referring to the current wave of CBD products that are booming right now. Some are pure extract, while others like Bloom Farms' are "full spectrum" -- meaning they contain traces of other naturally occurring cannabinoids. The theory being, like your olive oil, the magic is in the plant, not just the desired compound.

Likewise, Ravin is confident she's onto something. "When I'm in a dispensary and I'm doing a demo day, I kind of feel like I'm a little ahead of my time of what we're offering," she says. "But it's just now starting to catch on where enough people have smoked it and say, 'I really like this. I can't exactly say why, but I like how I feel when I'm on it and I wanna keep feeling like that'"

The rush of new products doesn't look like it will slow down any time soon. Perhaps the most potent ingredient in cannabis development is legalization. With the fear of prosecution no longer looming, scientists can explore more freely and consumers can experiment with what works for them. Now, dispensaries like Sava are offering education alongside these a-la-carte products (and even delivery to your door) -- getting the buzz you want has never been easier.

Like your favorite vacation destination, or choice of coffee, your own personal endorsement is ultimately king. We all know which alcohol gets us a little emotional or takes the edge off a tough day at work. Even Piomelli concedes that if it works for you and isn't harmful, it's worth considering. "It's a personal thing," he says. "Personal taste. I don't drink white wine as it gives me a headache. I don't think that justifies a clinical trial."

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https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/20/mood-specific-cannabis-vapes/

2019-04-20 12:03:51Z
52780271941676

The next frontier for cannabis vapes: mood-specific formulas - Engadget

"In New York, my bicycle messenger really had two types of cannabis. It was either green or brown." Michael Ray is the CEO of Bloom Farms, a California-based cannabis company that specializes in vape cartridges and CBD tinctures. Ray's reflecting on cannabis's current cultural explosion. As an increasing number of states fully legalize it, alongside countries like Canada, the curtain of illegitimacy is slowly lifting. For the first time, cannabis can be explored and experimented with in plain sight. The result: an emerging trend of tailored and targeted vape products that claim to do more than get you lifted. Cannabis is going a la carte.

As with any form of prohibition, once the floodgates open, there's an inevitable wave of over-indulgence. For the last few years, we've seen the emergence of increasingly strong oils and concentrates. But as the party smoke clears, that's changing. People are exploring various cocktails and new compounds with the goal of dialing in the effects to achieve exact moods and experiences. This might be as vague as "party" or as specific as inducing lucid dreams. The problem is, we're probably still years (or decades) away from being able to make such claims with any degree of confidence. At least in a way that would be worthy of the FDA's rubber stamp.

THC Oil Concentrate Filled Vape Pen Up Close

Cannabis is a complex plant, that much we know. "So there are about 140 maybe a few more hydro cannabinoids or plant-derived cannabinoids. THC and CBD being the two best studied, but there's at least another 130 more," says Piomelli, a professor at the University of California Irvine and co-chair of its Center for the Study of Cannabis, in an interview with Engadget.

That is a lot of compounds in one plant that we don't know much about. But that doesn't stop people from trying. Strains that are high in the other 130 or so cannabinoids aren't common, but expect that to change in the future. In the meantime, cannabis companies are experimenting in three main ways: THC-to-CBD ratio, with terpenes and other elements already in the plant, and with additional, non-cannabis additives.

Manipulating cannabis is nothing new. For decades plants have been bred like dogs to enhance their potency and effect. Anyone who's watched Narcos: Mexico will know that even the famous "sensimilla" (essentially a "seedless" cannabis plant) is a byproduct of human botanical intervention.

The Golden Ratio

THC is, without a doubt, the star of the cannabis show. It's what switched humankind on to the plant in the first place. Its effects are unmistakable and, for the most part, pleasurable. CBD is the next best-known cannabinoid and one that's currently exploding into the mainstream thanks, in part, to the recent Farm Bill. It's the balance of these two compounds together that gave the first hint that the effects of cannabis can be customized.

Mood-specific cannabis vapes

"If you mix THC with something else it will affect the actions of THC," explained Piomelli. "CBD has some modulatory property on what THC does. And therefore, people are talking about the entourage effect." This entourage effect is the reason why you will see percentages or ratios of THC and CBD on the packaging for your vape cartridge. THC is, famously, the part that gets you high, whereas CBD's effects are less concrete. Usually, they are associated with calmness, reducing anxiety or priming you for sleep (among many others). The problem is, almost nothing is known about what different ratios might actually achieve, scientifically speaking. Not least because everybody reacts differently.

According to Ray, experimentation is your best bet. "I think one of the challenges in cannabis and CBD is tuning in your own personal formula," he says. "People still need to be walked through this until they're able to find what works best for them." Luckily, there are plenty of products in a wide variety of ratios and dosages for those who do feel like experimenting.

Essentially oil

Ask any beer connoisseur to describe their favorite IPA, and you'll almost certainly hear them talk about hops. In the world of weed, it's terpenes that give your hit its flavor and character. Some think terpenes are also another way we can dial in our experience (in combination with the cannabinoid ratio).

California-based firm Dosist has six cannabis pens to choose from. Each "formula" is labeled with its primary effect (Arouse, Calm, Bliss and so on). Dosist's vaporizers are aimed at people looking for relief from pain or insomnia, rather than those looking to get baked. Along with a breakdown of the THC/CBD ratios and complete (hand-picked) terpene profiles, the pen will vibrate once you have inhaled what Dosist believes to be the optimum amount (hence the name). The company's guidelines suggest a maximum of three "doses" per hour, barely enough to alter your consciousness, but sufficient for the benefits -- according to the company at least.

Mood-specific cannabis vapes

Terpenes are essential oils found in many plants (not just cannabis). They are characteristically strong in odor, and for most people it will be what defines much of the flavor of your cannabis vape. But some companies, like Dosist, believe they can impact the potency and direction of cannabis's effects.

Piomelli is more skeptical. "I would say 95 percent of the claims that are made are essentially unsubstantiated. Terpenes are compounds. They're biologically active compounds and there are some terpenes that are particularly active on the cannabinoid system," he says. "But proof that a combination of terpenes, so one specific terpene either enhances, or diminishes or in some other way modulate the effects of THC, CBD and other cannabinoids, the evidence is simply not there."

That doesn't mean that there's no merit to the idea, just that scientific proof is sparse. "I'm not the one for dismissing all anecdotal evidence, if the anecdotal evidence is made of thousands of people," Piomelli added. "There's a point where we have to wonder if there is so much smoke there must be some fire."

Holistic highs

While cannabinoids and terpenes hold a lot of promise, some think that cannabis can do with a helping hand to get you where you want to go. White Fox Atmospheres is one of a growing number of brands that are adding other herbs to the mix. The company's own website defines its mission as "to formulate, alchemize and create specific effect driven medicine."

White Fox's vape products contain good old-fashioned cannabis, but with "Ayurvedic formulations" added in. Ayurvedic medicine is where things steer off even more into the unknown. The formulations are millennia old but also lack definitive scientific research into their medical efficacy.

Mood-specific cannabis vapes

Scarlet Ravin, White Fox's founder and CEO, creates the line with the sole intention of making people feel better. Fed up with the arms race in cannabis, the zero-sum game of getting impossibly high, she tells Engadget she wants to answer the question "how do we get to use the medicine in a good way, where we aren't just getting super stoned and blowing our heads off?"

The result is three different cannabis vape formulas: one each for male and female "sexual energy" and another that promises to enhance your ability for lucid dreams. Ravin is aware that people might have certain expectations from a product called "Legendary," or something that contains valeriana wallichii root, but contends that, like most holistic remedies, the effect you receive might be more, well, holistic.

"So our formula kind of gets people back into that state of inner balance," she says, "and a lot of the people that do smoke the pens regularly, will state, 'I got it for pain to see if it would work and I feel like I'm back in my body and I feel like I'm in my heart when I smoke this pen.' So it's more about an allover state of wellness than 'you're gonna get a boner' kind of a vibe, you know?"

What about the research?

The quest for new, specific effects from cannabis isn't surprising. Piomelli explains cannabinoids have something called a "privileged structure." This means they are more likely to have a physiological effect or pharmacological effect.

Understanding ratios, terpenes and the interactions between cannabinoids is key to a customized-cannabis future. A future that might be some years away, according to Jacob Borodovsky, a researcher at the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, who specializes in cannabis and opioid epidemiology. "I think we'll get to a place like that after you and I have been dead for a long time," he says. "I think that will happen through medicine first through neurobiology, and we'll start to understand these things a lot better."

Borodovsky is referring, in part, to the slow pace at which science can study such things. The number of studies needed is large -- far larger than the financial resources available to enable them. Cannabis is now a commercial venture, and patenting nature is hard. Piomelli concurs: "It's going to cost many millions of dollars because you need a large number of subjects, and you need your placebo controls, and is an expensive enterprise and no company is interested in doing this because how would they protect their property afterward."

Every once in a while, though, we do have enough evidence to turn a remedy into a medicine. Epidiolex is a CBD-based medicine that recently achieved FDA approval for the treatment of Dravet syndrome (a severe form of epilepsy in infants).

marijuana medpharm research

But why wait for science to catch up? Humans have been self-experimenting with all manner of substances for millennia. Bloom Farms' Ray takes a suitably measured approach with his products. "I've always been a believer that staying as true to the plant as possible is the best bet," he says, referring to the current wave of CBD products that are booming right now. Some are pure extract, while others like Bloom Farms' are "full spectrum" -- meaning they contain traces of other naturally occurring cannabinoids. The theory being, like your olive oil, the magic is in the plant, not just the desired compound.

Likewise, Ravin is confident she's onto something. "When I'm in a dispensary and I'm doing a demo day, I kind of feel like I'm a little ahead of my time of what we're offering," she says. "But it's just now starting to catch on where enough people have smoked it and say, 'I really like this. I can't exactly say why, but I like how I feel when I'm on it and I wanna keep feeling like that'"

The rush of new products doesn't look like it will slow down any time soon. Perhaps the most potent ingredient in cannabis development is legalization. With the fear of prosecution no longer looming, scientists can explore more freely and consumers can experiment with what works for them. Now, dispensaries like Sava are offering education alongside these a-la-carte products (and even delivery to your door) -- getting the buzz you want has never been easier.

Like your favorite vacation destination, or choice of coffee, your own personal endorsement is ultimately king. We all know which alcohol gets us a little emotional or takes the edge off a tough day at work. Even Piomelli concedes that if it works for you and isn't harmful, it's worth considering. "It's a personal thing," he says. "Personal taste. I don't drink white wine as it gives me a headache. I don't think that justifies a clinical trial."

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https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/20/mood-specific-cannabis-vapes/

2019-04-20 11:57:16Z
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